Storm spotter guide

The page has moved; please see below: Air Temperature: From Ancient Observations to Modern Measurement Techniques

A sting jet is a narrow core of violent winds that sometimes form within the rapidly intensifying North Atlantic and North Pacific extratropical cyclones, developing powerful windstorms towards the ground. …

Permafrost is an important aspect of the cryosphere, a fundamental and integral part of the climate system in periglacial landscapes. Here, we present the general concept, especially the climatic conditions …

Global weather is a very complex system. It is run by many small and large-scale factors, both in the ocean and the atmosphere. One of the most well-known oceanic influencers …

The cryosphere is a fundamental and integral part of the climate system with important linkage and feedback with the major components of the Earth System. Here we present the general …

The Accumulated Cyclone Energy – the ACE index – is a metric used to express the energy a tropical cyclone uses during its lifetime. The calculation takes a tropical cyclone’s …

How high into the sky can thunderstorms develop – what are the highest even measured thunderstorms? The strongest updrafts reach the tropopause and produce overshooting tops. The highest storms in …

The page has moved; please see below: The beauty and mistery of mammatus clouds

A back-sheared anvil is the expression for a cumulonimbus anvil that spreads against (upwind) into relatively strong winds (jet stream) aloft. Anvil vs. wind As the anvil forms, it is …

Overshooting tops develop on thunderstorms that have particularly strong updrafts. Overshooting tops typically develop on Cumulonimbus capillatus incus clouds. The updraft punches through the equilibrium level (and thus the anvil), …