Weather Forecasting

Air temperature, an everyday aspect of our environment, holds profound significance in numerous facets of our lives, from daily comfort to groundbreaking scientific research. The ability to measure air temperature …

A sting jet is a narrow core of violent winds that sometimes form within the rapidly intensifying North Atlantic and North Pacific extratropical cyclones, developing powerful windstorms towards the ground. …

Permafrost is an important aspect of the cryosphere, a fundamental and integral part of the climate system in periglacial landscapes. Here, we present the general concept, especially the climatic conditions …

Global weather is a very complex system. It is run by many small and large-scale factors, both in the ocean and the atmosphere. One of the most well-known oceanic influencers …

The cryosphere is a fundamental and integral part of the climate system with important linkage and feedback with the major components of the Earth System. Here we present the general …

Weather in the United States and Europe depends strongly on the North Atlantic ocean currents, specifically the Gulf Stream. So it’s important that we understand what and where they are …

The Accumulated Cyclone Energy – the ACE index – is a metric used to express the energy a tropical cyclone uses during its lifetime. The calculation takes a tropical cyclone’s …

How high into the sky can thunderstorms develop – what are the highest even measured thunderstorms? The strongest updrafts reach the tropopause and produce overshooting tops. The highest storms in …

Mammatus clouds form on the underside of a thunderstorm’s anvil. Their name comes from the Latin word mamma, meaning “udder” or “breast.” They appear as pouch-like structures protruding from underneath …

A back-sheared anvil is the expression for a cumulonimbus anvil that spreads against (upwind) into relatively strong winds (jet stream) aloft. Anvil vs. wind As the anvil forms, it is …